Difference between revisions of "Tutorial Camera Calibration"

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= Camera Calibration =
<center>
 
<gallery caption="Different types of supported planar calibration grids" heights=150 widths=125 >
Camera calibration is the process of estimating the camera intrinsic and/or extrinsics parameters. Intrinsic parameters deal with camera specific features such as its focal length, skew, distortion, and image center. Extrinsic parameters describe its position and orientation in the world.  For the remainder of this page we will focus on estimating intrinsic parameters.  Calibration is an essential first step for most 3D computer vision and removing lens distortion can often improve some times improve object detection accuracy.
File:Calibration letter chessboard 7x5.png|Chessboard
File:Calibration letter squaregrid 5x4.png|Square Grid
File:Calibration letter circlehex 20x24.png|Circle Hexagonal Grid
File:Calibration letter circlegrid 17x12.png|Circle Regular Grid
</gallery>
</center>


BoofCV provides several software tools and support for different calibration target typesIn a typical scenario calibration will be done by viewing a calibration target from different locations and orientationsCalibration points are then detected in these imagesSince the geometry of the calibration target is known the cameras intrinsic parameters can be estimated to a high level of accuracy.
Camera calibration is the process of estimating intrinsic and/or extrinsic parametersIntrinsic parameters deal with the camera's internal characteristics, such as, its focal length, skew, distortion, and image center. Extrinsic parameters describe its position and orientation in the worldKnowing intrinsic parameters is an essential first step for 3D computer vision, as it allows you to estimate the scene's structure in Euclidean space and removes lens distortion, which degrades accuracyBoofCV provides fully automated calibration for several planar target types (see pictures above) that can be easily printed on standard sized paper.  


The most common way to calibrate a camera is using planar calibration targets with squares on themBoofCV provides support for two different types of planar calibration targets with different patterns of squares on them, chess board and square gridThe code itself can be reused to detect similar types of application specific calibration targets.
Calibration in BoofCV is heavily influenced by Zhengyou Zhang's 1999 paper, "Flexible Camera Calibration By Viewing a Plane From Unknown Orientations"See his webpage below for the paper and theoretical information on camera calibration.  A link is also provided to a popular matlab calibration toolbox.


Example code is provided in the 'example' directory along with data for several different cameras and both target types.  Making it easy to get up and running.  To download the examples either download the full source code to BoofCV or check it out from the repository, but don't forget to also checkout the data directory.
It is possible to either manually collect images and process them or to use a fully automated assisted calibrationBoth approaches are described below.
 
Calibration in BoofCV is heavily influenced by Zhengyou Zhang's 1999 paper, "Flexible Camera Calibration By Viewing a Plane From Unknown Orientations"See his webpage below for the paper and more technical and theoretical information on camera calibration.  A link is also provided to a popular matlab calibration toolbox.


References:
References:
* [http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/zhang/Calib/ Zhang's Camera Calibration]
* [http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/zhang/Calib/ Zhang's Camera Calibration]
* [http://www.vision.caltech.edu/bouguetj/calib_doc/ CalTech's Matlab Calibration Toolbox]
* [http://www.vision.caltech.edu/bouguetj/calib_doc/ CalTech's Matlab Calibration Toolbox]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521540518/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=boofcv-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0521540518 R. Hartley, and A. Zisserman, "Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision"]
= Coordinate Systems =
Please refer to [[Coordinate_Systems|Coordinate System]] page and understand how BoofCV defines it's coordinate system. There is no universal coordinate system standard in computer vision.
= The Calibration Process =
In this section, the camera calibration procedure is broken down into steps and explained.  Almost identical steps are followed for calibration a single camera or a stereo camera system.  First a quick overview:
# Select a pattern, download (or create your own), and print
# Mount the pattern onto a rigid flat surface
# Take many pictures of the target at different orientations and distances
# Download pictures to compute and select ones that are in focus
# Use provided examples to automatically detect calibration target and compute parameters
# Move calibration file to a safe location
Which calibration target you use is a matter of personal preference.  Chessboard patterns tend to produce slightly more accurate results.
== Selecting Calibration Target ==
As mentioned previously, there are several calibration target types to choose from. Which one should you choose?
* '''Chessboard''' patterns are by far the most popular. There is good reason for this, their corners are simple to detect and "mostly" invariant to lens distortion. The main disadvantage to chessboard is that its hard get right next to the image border, but you can get close!
* '''Square Grids''' allow you to get right up next to the image border. It's more complex for a library developer to write a good high precision unbiased corner. BoofCV does an extra step of refinement that enable very high precision corners to be found. However, the current approach is less accurate under fisheye lens distortion.
* '''Circle Hexagonal''' works well for regular camera lenses but is typically less accurate than chessboard of square grid because their features can't be measured directly. Tangent points are invariant under perspective distortion. Sometimes a library will use the center point, but this is ill advised because it's not invariant under perspective distortion. Errors introduced by lens distortion are less significant when the circles are small inside the image, but under heavy lens distortion these are a poor choice.
* '''Circle Regular Grid''' have essentially the same pros/cons as circle hexagonal but don't have the same circle density.
Summary: Use chessboard first, square grid if you are having trouble with the image border. Circle based markers for normal cameras but never for fisheye.
== Creating Calibration Targets ==
* For a list of readily printable calibration targets see the [[Camera_Calibration_Targets|Calibration Targets]] page. 
* The [[Camera_Calibration_Targets|Calibration Targets]] page also provides instructions on using a BoofCV application to generate your own custom targets.
* Instructions for how to create your own arbitrary calibration target for any sized paper can also be found at the [[Camera_Calibration_Targets|Calibration Targets]] page.
** [https://youtu.be/TGg-xgTyaU8?t=604 YouTube Video Showing GUI Application]
If your lighting is good, the image isn't blurred and BoofCV still refuses to see the calibration it might be because you incorrectly described the calibration target.  How rows and columns in a target is counted isn't universally agreed upon.  This is why documents generated using the generator included with BoofCV print the target's name and characteristics in the lower left hand corner.
After printing, the target needs to be mounted on a flat surface.  Any warping will decrease calibration accuracy.  An ideal surface will be rigid and smooth.  [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000KNL4RK/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B000KNL4RK&linkCode=as2&tag=boofcv-20&linkId=FZWYY2AOFVCIYOOF Thick foam poster board] is easily obtainable and works well.  I've also used [http://amzn.to/1kIedjn clipboards] with some minor modifications.  Cardboard is OK if high precision isn't required well.  For a well made target and a decent camera reprojection error is typically around 0.1 pixels.
General Advice:
* If possible turn autofocus on your camera off. 
* Use diffuse lighting. A spotlight will make the calibration target much more difficult to detect.


== Calibration Target Placement ==
<center>
<center>
<gallery caption="Different types of supported planar calibration grids" heights=150 widths=200 >
[[File:Calibration placement.jpg|600px|Position the calibration target so that it covers the entire image, especially the image border and corners.  The assisted calibration tool can help you do this.]]
File:Calib_target_chess_small.png|Chessboard pattern
File:Calib_target_square_small.png|Square grid pattern
</gallery>
</center>
</center>


When collecting calibration images it is best to take a diverse set of in focus image which cover the entire image, especially the image border.  An example of how one can do this is down in the figure above.  One problem when calibrating a camera is that the residual error can't be trusted as a way to verify correctness.  For example, if all the pictures are taken in one region the results will be biased, even if the residual error is low.  Also avoid extreme angles or changes distance should be avoided. 
A good way to check to see if calibration was done correctly is to see if straight edges are straight.  In an undistorted image try moving a ruler to the image border and see if its warped.  For stereo images you can see if rectification is correct by clicking on an easily recognizable feature and seeing if it is at the same y-coordinate in the other image.
= Camera Models Supported =


= Quick Links =
Two camera models are supported:
* Pinhole with radial and tangential distortion for regular lenses
* Universal Omni for fisheye lenses
** Christopher Mei, and Patrick Rives. "Single view point omnidirectional camera calibration from planar grids." ICRA 2007.


Applets
If you use the calibration application you can decide if you want to save the found parameters in BoofCV and OpenCV formats.
* [[Applet_Calibrate_Planar_Mono| Calibrate Monocular Camera]]
* [[Applet_Calibrate_Planar_Stereo| Calibrate Stereo Camera]]
* [[Applet_Rectification_Calibrated| Rectify Calibrated Stereo]]


Examples
= Calibration Application =
* [[Example_Calibrate_Planar_Mono| Calibrate Monocular Camera]]
* [[Example_Calibrate_Planar_Stereo| Calibrate Stereo Camera]]
* [[Example_Remove_Lens_Distortion| Remove Lens Distortion]]
* [[Example_Rectification_Calibrated| Rectify Calibrated Stereo]]
* [[Example_Rectification_Uncalibrated| Rectify Uncalibrated Stereo]]


Calibration Targets:
BoofCV comes with a calibration application that can be used to calibrate a camera live with visual guides or from a previously collected set of images. It can be controlled using a command line interface or a GUI.


* [https://github.com/lessthanoptimal/BoofCV-Data/blob/master/evaluation/calibration/letter_chess.ps| Letter Chessboard]
If you would like to use a pre-built application it can be downloaded from here:
* [https://github.com/lessthanoptimal/BoofCV-Data/blob/master/evaluation/calibration/letter_square.ps| Letter Square Grid]


= Calibration Process =
* [[Applications#Camera_Calibration|Pre-build Calibration Application]]


In the following section the camera calibration procedure is broken down into steps and explained.  First a quick overview:
You can also build it from BoofCV's source code:


# Select a pattern, download, and print
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
# Mount the pattern onto a rigid flat surface
cd boofcv/applications
# Take pictures of the target using your camera
gradle applicationsJar
# Download pictures to compute and select the best ones
java -jar applications.jar CameraCalibration
# Use provided examples to automatically detect calibration target and compute parameters
</syntaxhighlight>
# Move outputted calibration file to a safe location
 
That will print out instructions.  There are two methods of input with that application.  Images from a directory or live video feed from a webcam. 
 
[[File:Tutorial_calibration_config_gui.png|center|frame|Configuration can also be done using a GUI. Just add the --GUI flag to launch it. Warning, not all command line options are available from the GUI. [https://youtu.be/TGg-xgTyaU8?t=69 YouTube Video]]]
 
'''Trouble Shooting'''
* [[Manual#Build|General build problems]]
 
== Webcam Assisted ==
 
<center>
[[file:Youtube_calibration.jpg|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SWX1iQRbsg|Demonstration Video]]
</center>
 
This live webcam calibration application is interactive and designed to ensure that your image set will be in focus, collected around the image border, and have sufficient geometric diversity.  This is accomplished by; 1) guiding you to specific locations inside the image, 2) mathematically examining the current solution to see if it has sufficient geometric diversity and will converge, and 3) collecting multiple images at each location but only using the one which is the most in focus.  Once you are done capturing images you're then presented with another view where you can view the results for individual images and across the whole dataset.
 
All data is saved disk along with the found intrinsic camera parameters.  Please view the video above before proceeding. 
 
Usage Examples:
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
java -jar applications.jar  CameraCalibration --Camera=0 --Resolution=640:480 CHESSBOARD --Grid=7:5
</syntaxhighlight>
The arguments specify which camera to use, it's resolution, type of calibration target, and the calibration target's shape.  Results will be stored in the "calibration_data" directory. You can also use the --GUI flag and graphically select a camera and configure the calibration target.
 
== Image Directory ==


Which calibration target you use is a matter of preferenceCurrently it is recommended that you use the chessboard pattern since produces more accurate results.  Other types of planar targets can be used by BoofCV if you provide the source code for detecting calibration points on the target.
The same application can be used to calibrate from a set of previously collected images saved into a directoryBy default a GUI visualizing the results is displayed, but this can be turned off.


Below are two postscript documents for printing out calibration grid. When using the calibration example code linked to below you need to specify the grid pattern's size and the side of each squares widthThe grid pattern's width and height in squares refers to the number of squares in the outer most box, which is 3 wide and 4 tall in each example.  Even if you swap the rows and columns calibration will work just fine.
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
java -jar applications.jar CameraCalibration --Directory=images/ CHESSBOARD --Grid=7:5
* [https://github.com/lessthanoptimal/BoofCV-Data/blob/master/evaluation/calibration/letter_chess.ps| Letter Sized Paper: Chessboard, 3 by 4, 30mm Squares]
</syntaxhighlight>
* [https://github.com/lessthanoptimal/BoofCV-Data/blob/master/evaluation/calibration/letter_square.ps| Letter Sized Paper: Square Grid, 3 by 4, 30mm Squares]


'''WHEN PRINTING THE CALIBRATION GRID MAKE SURE YOUR PRINTER DOES NOT RESCALE THE DOCUMENTS!''' Failure to do so will cause all range estimates (if using stereo) to be off by an unknown scale factor.
Results will be stored in the "calibration_data" directory. This includes found calibration parameters along with the collected images. If using the command line isn't your thing then use the --GUI flag and select the input directory.


The target needs to be mounted on a surface that is flat as reasonably possible.  Any warping of the paper will decrease its accuracy by introducing localization errors.  A smooth table, glass, or any similar surface works well.  Cardboard or foam is often warped or will warp as time goes on.  Don't go overboard trying to make a perfectly smooth surface
== Custom Video Sources ==


[[File:ChessboardCalibrationPicture.jpg|thumb|right|Calibration Target]]
The assisted calibration by default uses video feed from [http://webcam-capture.sarxos.pl/ Webcam Capture].  With a little bit of coding it's easy to add video sources from really anything as long as you can get a BufferedImageTake a look at [https://github.com/lessthanoptimal/BoofCV/blob/master/applications/src/boofcv/app/CameraCalibration.java CameraCalibration].
Taking a diverse set of sharp image is essential to calibration.  Images should be taken at several different orientations, distances, and locations in the image.  Be sure that the calibration target appears along the image edge and the center.  If all the pictures are taken in one region then the results will be biased, even if the residual error is low.  The whole target needs to be visible in the image and in some cases the target's border also needs to be visibleImages used in BoofCV's examples can be found in the BoofCV-Data git repository:
https://github.com/lessthanoptimal/BoofCV-Data/tree/master/evaluation/calibration.


Example code is provided for calibrating the cameras and applications which can visualize the results, see examples and evaluation directories.  If you use a calibration target that is different from the ones provided be sure to modify the example code with the correct target description.  Look at calibration errors for individual images and see if there are any outliers or images in which the target was not detected.  Any targets with much larger errors should be removed since the image is probably bad.
= Source Code Examples =


After the example code has run it will save the results into an XML file, see codePut this XML file is a safe location for future use in your project sinceFor additional details on the calibration procedure see example wiki page.
Coding up your own software to load and process calibration images is also easy, but more tediousThe calibration application also doesn't support stereo cameras yet.   


Example Code:
Example Code:
# [[Example_Calibrate_Planar_Mono| Calibrate Monocular Camera]]
# [[Example_Calibrate_Planar_Mono| Calibrate Monocular Camera]]
# [[Example_Calibrate_Planar_Fisheye| Calibrate Fisheye Camera]]
# [[Example_Calibrate_Planar_Stereo| Calibrate Stereo Camera]]
# [[Example_Calibrate_Planar_Stereo| Calibrate Stereo Camera]]


= Lens Distortion =
== Removing Lens Distortion from Images ==


Lens distortion can heavily distort features around the image border making them difficult to detect.  To overcome this problem the image can be undistorted, making as if an idealized camera is being usedHowever this can be an expensive operation and some times feature are detected in the distorted image and their position correctly afterwards.
Most computer vision algorithms assume a pin hole camera model.  Undistorting an image allows you to treat the image like a pin-hole camera and can make it visually more appearing since the borders are no longer heavily distortedThis operation can be relatively expensive.  Internally most algorithm in BoofCV detect features in the distorted image then undistort individual features


Example Code:
Example Code:
# [[Example_Remove_Lens_Distortion| Remove Lens Distortion]]
# [[Example_Remove_Lens_Distortion| Remove Lens Distortion]]


= Stereo Rectification =
== Stereo Rectification ==


Stereo rectification is the process of distorting two images such that both their epipoles are at infinity, typically along the x-axis.  When this happens the epipolar lines are all parallel to each other simplifying the problem of finding feature correspondences to searching along the image axis.  Many stereo algorithms require images to be rectified first.
Stereo rectification is the process of distorting two images such that both their epipoles are at infinity, typically along the x-axis.  When this happens the epipolar lines are all parallel to each other simplifying the problem of finding feature correspondences to searching along the image axis.  Many stereo algorithms require images to be rectified first.
Line 93: Line 159:
# [[Example_Rectification_Calibrated| Rectify Calibrated Stereo]]
# [[Example_Rectification_Calibrated| Rectify Calibrated Stereo]]
# [[Example_Rectification_Uncalibrated| Rectify Uncalibrated Stereo]]
# [[Example_Rectification_Uncalibrated| Rectify Uncalibrated Stereo]]
= OpenCV Friendly =
BoofCV can now read and write YAML camera calibration files in OpenCV's format.  This should at least work with OpenCV 2.4 and 3.x.  So you can calibrate your camera in BoofCV using the assisted calibration app and then use its results in OpenCV!
Your project must include the 'javacv' module:
<pre><dependency>
  <groupId>org.boofcv</groupId>
  <artifactId>javacv</artifactId>
  <version>BOOFCV_VERSION</version>
</dependency></pre>
Once that's done you can run the following code:
<syntaxhighlight lang="java">
CameraPinholeRadial param = CalibrationIO.load("boofcv_intrinsic.yaml"));
UtilOpenCV.save(param, "opencv_intrinsic.yaml");
</syntaxhighlight>
where "boofcv_intrinsic.yaml" is file containing intrinsic camera parameters in BoofCV format and "opencv_intrinsic.yaml" is a file in OpenCV format.

Revision as of 20:22, 24 January 2020

Camera calibration is the process of estimating intrinsic and/or extrinsic parameters. Intrinsic parameters deal with the camera's internal characteristics, such as, its focal length, skew, distortion, and image center. Extrinsic parameters describe its position and orientation in the world. Knowing intrinsic parameters is an essential first step for 3D computer vision, as it allows you to estimate the scene's structure in Euclidean space and removes lens distortion, which degrades accuracy. BoofCV provides fully automated calibration for several planar target types (see pictures above) that can be easily printed on standard sized paper.

Calibration in BoofCV is heavily influenced by Zhengyou Zhang's 1999 paper, "Flexible Camera Calibration By Viewing a Plane From Unknown Orientations". See his webpage below for the paper and theoretical information on camera calibration. A link is also provided to a popular matlab calibration toolbox.

It is possible to either manually collect images and process them or to use a fully automated assisted calibration. Both approaches are described below.

References:

Coordinate Systems

Please refer to Coordinate System page and understand how BoofCV defines it's coordinate system. There is no universal coordinate system standard in computer vision.

The Calibration Process

In this section, the camera calibration procedure is broken down into steps and explained. Almost identical steps are followed for calibration a single camera or a stereo camera system. First a quick overview:

  1. Select a pattern, download (or create your own), and print
  2. Mount the pattern onto a rigid flat surface
  3. Take many pictures of the target at different orientations and distances
  4. Download pictures to compute and select ones that are in focus
  5. Use provided examples to automatically detect calibration target and compute parameters
  6. Move calibration file to a safe location

Which calibration target you use is a matter of personal preference. Chessboard patterns tend to produce slightly more accurate results.

Selecting Calibration Target

As mentioned previously, there are several calibration target types to choose from. Which one should you choose?

  • Chessboard patterns are by far the most popular. There is good reason for this, their corners are simple to detect and "mostly" invariant to lens distortion. The main disadvantage to chessboard is that its hard get right next to the image border, but you can get close!
  • Square Grids allow you to get right up next to the image border. It's more complex for a library developer to write a good high precision unbiased corner. BoofCV does an extra step of refinement that enable very high precision corners to be found. However, the current approach is less accurate under fisheye lens distortion.
  • Circle Hexagonal works well for regular camera lenses but is typically less accurate than chessboard of square grid because their features can't be measured directly. Tangent points are invariant under perspective distortion. Sometimes a library will use the center point, but this is ill advised because it's not invariant under perspective distortion. Errors introduced by lens distortion are less significant when the circles are small inside the image, but under heavy lens distortion these are a poor choice.
  • Circle Regular Grid have essentially the same pros/cons as circle hexagonal but don't have the same circle density.

Summary: Use chessboard first, square grid if you are having trouble with the image border. Circle based markers for normal cameras but never for fisheye.

Creating Calibration Targets

If your lighting is good, the image isn't blurred and BoofCV still refuses to see the calibration it might be because you incorrectly described the calibration target. How rows and columns in a target is counted isn't universally agreed upon. This is why documents generated using the generator included with BoofCV print the target's name and characteristics in the lower left hand corner.

After printing, the target needs to be mounted on a flat surface. Any warping will decrease calibration accuracy. An ideal surface will be rigid and smooth. Thick foam poster board is easily obtainable and works well. I've also used clipboards with some minor modifications. Cardboard is OK if high precision isn't required well. For a well made target and a decent camera reprojection error is typically around 0.1 pixels.

General Advice:

  • If possible turn autofocus on your camera off.
  • Use diffuse lighting. A spotlight will make the calibration target much more difficult to detect.

Calibration Target Placement

Position the calibration target so that it covers the entire image, especially the image border and corners. The assisted calibration tool can help you do this.

When collecting calibration images it is best to take a diverse set of in focus image which cover the entire image, especially the image border. An example of how one can do this is down in the figure above. One problem when calibrating a camera is that the residual error can't be trusted as a way to verify correctness. For example, if all the pictures are taken in one region the results will be biased, even if the residual error is low. Also avoid extreme angles or changes distance should be avoided.

A good way to check to see if calibration was done correctly is to see if straight edges are straight. In an undistorted image try moving a ruler to the image border and see if its warped. For stereo images you can see if rectification is correct by clicking on an easily recognizable feature and seeing if it is at the same y-coordinate in the other image.

Camera Models Supported

Two camera models are supported:

  • Pinhole with radial and tangential distortion for regular lenses
  • Universal Omni for fisheye lenses
    • Christopher Mei, and Patrick Rives. "Single view point omnidirectional camera calibration from planar grids." ICRA 2007.

If you use the calibration application you can decide if you want to save the found parameters in BoofCV and OpenCV formats.

Calibration Application

BoofCV comes with a calibration application that can be used to calibrate a camera live with visual guides or from a previously collected set of images. It can be controlled using a command line interface or a GUI.

If you would like to use a pre-built application it can be downloaded from here:

You can also build it from BoofCV's source code:

cd boofcv/applications
gradle applicationsJar
java -jar applications.jar CameraCalibration

That will print out instructions. There are two methods of input with that application. Images from a directory or live video feed from a webcam.

Configuration can also be done using a GUI. Just add the --GUI flag to launch it. Warning, not all command line options are available from the GUI. YouTube Video

Trouble Shooting

Webcam Assisted

Demonstration Video

This live webcam calibration application is interactive and designed to ensure that your image set will be in focus, collected around the image border, and have sufficient geometric diversity. This is accomplished by; 1) guiding you to specific locations inside the image, 2) mathematically examining the current solution to see if it has sufficient geometric diversity and will converge, and 3) collecting multiple images at each location but only using the one which is the most in focus. Once you are done capturing images you're then presented with another view where you can view the results for individual images and across the whole dataset.

All data is saved disk along with the found intrinsic camera parameters. Please view the video above before proceeding.

Usage Examples:

java -jar applications.jar  CameraCalibration --Camera=0 --Resolution=640:480 CHESSBOARD --Grid=7:5

The arguments specify which camera to use, it's resolution, type of calibration target, and the calibration target's shape. Results will be stored in the "calibration_data" directory. You can also use the --GUI flag and graphically select a camera and configure the calibration target.

Image Directory

The same application can be used to calibrate from a set of previously collected images saved into a directory. By default a GUI visualizing the results is displayed, but this can be turned off.

java -jar applications.jar  CameraCalibration --Directory=images/ CHESSBOARD --Grid=7:5

Results will be stored in the "calibration_data" directory. This includes found calibration parameters along with the collected images. If using the command line isn't your thing then use the --GUI flag and select the input directory.

Custom Video Sources

The assisted calibration by default uses video feed from Webcam Capture. With a little bit of coding it's easy to add video sources from really anything as long as you can get a BufferedImage. Take a look at CameraCalibration.

Source Code Examples

Coding up your own software to load and process calibration images is also easy, but more tedious. The calibration application also doesn't support stereo cameras yet.

Example Code:

  1. Calibrate Monocular Camera
  2. Calibrate Fisheye Camera
  3. Calibrate Stereo Camera

Removing Lens Distortion from Images

Most computer vision algorithms assume a pin hole camera model. Undistorting an image allows you to treat the image like a pin-hole camera and can make it visually more appearing since the borders are no longer heavily distorted. This operation can be relatively expensive. Internally most algorithm in BoofCV detect features in the distorted image then undistort individual features

Example Code:

  1. Remove Lens Distortion

Stereo Rectification

Stereo rectification is the process of distorting two images such that both their epipoles are at infinity, typically along the x-axis. When this happens the epipolar lines are all parallel to each other simplifying the problem of finding feature correspondences to searching along the image axis. Many stereo algorithms require images to be rectified first.

Rectification can be done on calibrated or uncalibrated images. Calibration in this case refers to the stereo baseline (extrinsic parameters between two cameras) to be known. Although in practice it is often required that lens distortion be removed from the images even in the "uncalibrated" case.

The uncalibrated case can be done using automatically detected and associated features, however it is much tricker to get right than the calibrated case. Any small association error will cause a large error in rectification. Even if a state of the art and robust feature is used (e.g. SURF) and matches are pruned using the epipolar constraint, this alone will not be enough. Additional knowledge of the scene needs to be taken in account.

  1. Rectify Calibrated Stereo
  2. Rectify Uncalibrated Stereo

OpenCV Friendly

BoofCV can now read and write YAML camera calibration files in OpenCV's format. This should at least work with OpenCV 2.4 and 3.x. So you can calibrate your camera in BoofCV using the assisted calibration app and then use its results in OpenCV!

Your project must include the 'javacv' module:

<dependency>
  <groupId>org.boofcv</groupId>
  <artifactId>javacv</artifactId>
  <version>BOOFCV_VERSION</version>
</dependency>

Once that's done you can run the following code:

CameraPinholeRadial param = CalibrationIO.load("boofcv_intrinsic.yaml"));
UtilOpenCV.save(param, "opencv_intrinsic.yaml");

where "boofcv_intrinsic.yaml" is file containing intrinsic camera parameters in BoofCV format and "opencv_intrinsic.yaml" is a file in OpenCV format.