Example Scene Classification

• 

  Confusion matrix created from the code below. Perfect results would be black along the diagonal.

Scene classification is the problem where you are presented with an image and you need to classify it as belonging to a known set. The example below demonstrates how to perform scene classification using dense SURF features and a nearest neighbour classifier. See code documentation for a more detailed discussion.

Example Code:

• ExampleClassifySceneKnn.java

Concepts:

• Scene Classification
• Dense Image Features
• Clustering
• k-NN classifier

Example Code

/**
 * <p>
 * Example of how to train a K-NN bow-of-word classifier for scene recognition.  The resulting classifier
 * produces results which are correct 52.2% of the time.  To provide a point of comparison, randomly selecting
 * a scene is about 6.7% accurate, SVM One vs One RBF classifier can produce accuracy of around 74% and
 * other people using different techniques claim to have achieved around 85% accurate with more advanced
 * techniques.
 * </p>
 *
 * Training Steps:
 * <ol>
 * <li>Compute dense SURF features across the training data set.</li>
 * <li>Cluster using k-means to create works.</li>
 * <li>For each image compute the histogram of words found in the image</li>
 * <li>Save word histograms and image scene labels in a classifier</li>
 * </ol>
 *
 * Testing Steps:
 * <ol>
 * <li>For each image in the testing data set compute its histogram</li>
 * <li>Look up the k-nearest-neighbors for that histogram</li>
 * <li>Classify an image by by selecting the scene type with the most neighbors</li>
 * </ol>
 *
 * <p>NOTE: Scene recognition is still very much a work in progress in BoofCV and the code is likely to be
 * significantly modified in the future.</p>
 *
 * @author Peter Abeles
 */
public class ExampleClassifySceneKnn extends LearnSceneFromFiles {

	// Tuning parameters
	public static int NUMBER_OF_WORDS = 100;
	public static boolean HISTOGRAM_HARD = true;
	public static int NUM_NEIGHBORS = 10;
	public static int MAX_KNN_ITERATIONS = 100;

	// Files intermediate results are stored in
	public static final String CLUSTER_FILE_NAME = "clusters.obj";
	public static final String HISTOGRAM_FILE_NAME = "histograms.obj";

	// Algorithms
	ClusterVisualWords cluster;
	DescribeImageDense<ImageUInt8,TupleDesc_F64> describeImage;
	NearestNeighbor<HistogramScene> nn;

	ClassifierKNearestNeighborsBow<ImageUInt8,TupleDesc_F64> classifier;

	public ExampleClassifySceneKnn(final DescribeImageDense<ImageUInt8, TupleDesc_F64> describeImage,
								   ComputeClusters<double[]> clusterer,
								   NearestNeighbor<HistogramScene> nn) {
		this.describeImage = describeImage;
		this.cluster = new ClusterVisualWords(clusterer, describeImage.createDescription().size(),0xFEEDBEEF);
		this.nn = nn;
	}

	/**
	 * Process all the data in the training data set to learn the classifications.  See code for details.
	 */
	public void learnAndSave() {
		System.out.println("======== Learning Classifier");

		// Either load pre-computed words or compute the words from the training images
		AssignCluster<double[]> assignment;
		if( new File(CLUSTER_FILE_NAME).exists() ) {
			assignment = UtilIO.load(CLUSTER_FILE_NAME);
		} else {
			System.out.println(" Computing clusters");
			assignment = computeClusters();
		}

		// Use these clusters to assign features to words
		FeatureToWordHistogram_F64 featuresToHistogram = new FeatureToWordHistogram_F64(assignment,HISTOGRAM_HARD);

		// Storage for the work histogram in each image in the training set and their label
		List<HistogramScene> memory;

		if( !new File(HISTOGRAM_FILE_NAME).exists() ) {
			System.out.println(" computing histograms");
			memory = computeHistograms(featuresToHistogram);
			UtilIO.save(memory,HISTOGRAM_FILE_NAME);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Extract dense features across the training set.  Then clusters are found within those features.
	 */
	private AssignCluster<double[]> computeClusters() {
		System.out.println("Image Features");

		// computes features in the training image set
		List<TupleDesc_F64> features = new ArrayList<TupleDesc_F64>();
		for( String scene : train.keySet() ) {
			List<String> imagePaths = train.get(scene);
			System.out.println("   " + scene);

			for( String path : imagePaths ) {
				ImageUInt8 image = UtilImageIO.loadImage(path, ImageUInt8.class);
				describeImage.process(image);

				// the descriptions will get recycled on the next call, so create a copy
				for( TupleDesc_F64 d : describeImage.getDescriptions() ) {
					features.add( d.copy() );
				}
			}
		}
		// add the features to the overall list which the clusters will be found inside of
		for (int i = 0; i < features.size(); i++) {
			cluster.addReference(features.get(i));
		}

		System.out.println("Clustering");
		// Find the clusters.  This can take a bit
		cluster.process(NUMBER_OF_WORDS);

		UtilIO.save(cluster.getAssignment(), CLUSTER_FILE_NAME);

		return cluster.getAssignment();
	}

	public void loadAndCreateClassifier() {
		// load results from a file
		List<HistogramScene> memory = UtilIO.load(HISTOGRAM_FILE_NAME);
		AssignCluster<double[]> assignment = UtilIO.load(CLUSTER_FILE_NAME);

		FeatureToWordHistogram_F64 featuresToHistogram = new FeatureToWordHistogram_F64(assignment,HISTOGRAM_HARD);


		// Provide the training results to K-NN and it will preprocess these results for quick lookup later on
		// Can use this classifier with saved results and avoid the

		classifier = new ClassifierKNearestNeighborsBow<ImageUInt8,TupleDesc_F64>(nn,describeImage,featuresToHistogram);
		classifier.setClassificationData(memory, getScenes().size());
		classifier.setNumNeighbors(NUM_NEIGHBORS);
	}

	/**
	 * For all the images in the training data set it computes a {@link HistogramScene}.  That data structure
	 * contains the word histogram and the scene that the histogram belongs to.
	 */
	private List<HistogramScene> computeHistograms(FeatureToWordHistogram_F64 featuresToHistogram ) {

		List<String> scenes = getScenes();

		List<HistogramScene> memory;// Processed results which will be passed into the k-NN algorithm
		memory = new ArrayList<HistogramScene>();

		for( int sceneIndex = 0; sceneIndex < scenes.size(); sceneIndex++ ) {
			String scene = scenes.get(sceneIndex);
			System.out.println("   " + scene);
			List<String> imagePaths = train.get(scene);

			for (String path : imagePaths) {
				ImageUInt8 image = UtilImageIO.loadImage(path, ImageUInt8.class);

				// reset before processing a new image
				featuresToHistogram.reset();
				describeImage.process(image);
				for ( TupleDesc_F64 d : describeImage.getDescriptions() ) {
					featuresToHistogram.addFeature(d);
				}
				featuresToHistogram.process();

				// The histogram is already normalized so that it sums up to 1.  This provides invariance
				// against the overall number of features changing.
				double[] histogram = featuresToHistogram.getHistogram();

				// Create the data structure used by the KNN classifier
				HistogramScene imageHist = new HistogramScene(NUMBER_OF_WORDS);
				imageHist.setHistogram(histogram);
				imageHist.type = sceneIndex;

				memory.add(imageHist);
			}
		}
		return memory;
	}

	@Override
	protected int classify(String path) {
		ImageUInt8 image = UtilImageIO.loadImage(path, ImageUInt8.class);

		return classifier.classify(image);
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {

		DescribeImageDense<ImageUInt8,TupleDesc_F64> desc = (DescribeImageDense)
				FactoryDescribeImageDense.surfFast(null, ImageUInt8.class);
//				FactoryDescribeImageDense.surfStable(null, ImageUInt8.class);
		desc.configure(1, 8, 8);

//				FactoryDescribeImageDense.sift(null, ImageUInt8.class);
//		desc.configure(1, 6, 6);

		ComputeClusters<double[]> clusterer = FactoryClustering.kMeans_F64(null, MAX_KNN_ITERATIONS, 20, 1e-6);
		clusterer.setVerbose(true);

		NearestNeighbor<HistogramScene> nn = FactoryNearestNeighbor.exhaustive();
		ExampleClassifySceneKnn example = new ExampleClassifySceneKnn(desc,clusterer,nn);

		File trainingDir = new File(UtilIO.pathExample("learning/scene/train"));
		File testingDir = new File(UtilIO.pathExample("learning/scene/test"));

		if( !trainingDir.exists() || !testingDir.exists() ) {
			String path = UtilIO.pathExample("learning/scene/");
			System.err.println("Please follow instructions in "+path+" and download the");
			System.err.println("required files");
			System.exit(1);
		}

		example.loadSets(trainingDir, null, testingDir);
		// train the classifier
		example.learnAndSave();
		// now load it for evaluation purposes from the files
		example.loadAndCreateClassifier();

		// test the classifier on the test set
		Confusion confusion = example.evaluateTest();
		confusion.getMatrix().print();
		System.out.println("Accuracy = " + confusion.computeAccuracy());

		// Show confusion matrix
		// Not the best coloration scheme...  perfect = red diagonal and blue elsewhere.
		ShowImages.showWindow(new ConfusionMatrixPanel(confusion.getMatrix(), 400, true), "Confusion Matrix", true);

		// For SIFT descriptor the accuracy is          54.0%
		// For  "fast"  SURF descriptor the accuracy is 52.2%
		// For "stable" SURF descriptor the accuracy is 49.4%

		// SURF results are interesting. "Stable" is significantly better than "fast"!
		// One explanation is that the descriptor for "fast" samples a smaller region than "stable", by a
		// couple of pixels at scale of 1.  Thus there is less overlap between the features.

		// Reducing the size of "stable" to 0.95 does slightly improve performance to 50.5%, can't scale it down
		// much more without performance going down
	}
}